2. Using Python on Unix platforms

2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python

2.1.1. On Linux

Python comes preinstalled on most Linux distributions, and is available as a package on all others. However there are certain features you might want to use that are not available on your distro’s package. You can compile the latest version of Python from source.

In the event that the latest version of Python doesn’t come preinstalled and isn’t in the repositories as well, you can make packages for your own distro. Have a look at the following links:

See also

https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/first.en.html

for Debian users

https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging

for OpenSuse users

https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/package-maintainers/Packaging_Tutorial_GNU_Hello/

for Fedora users

https://slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html

for Slackware users

2.1.1.1. Installing IDLE

In some cases, IDLE might not be included in your Python installation.

• For Debian and Ubuntu users:

  sudo apt update
  sudo apt install idle
  

• For Fedora, RHEL, and CentOS users:

  sudo dnf install python3-idle
  

• For SUSE and OpenSUSE users:

  sudo zypper in python3-idle
  

• For Alpine Linux users:

  sudo apk add python3-idle
  

2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD

• FreeBSD users, to add the package use:

  pkg install python3
  

• OpenBSD users, to add the package use:

  pkg_add -r python
  
  pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/<insert your architecture here>/python-<version>.tgz
  

  For example i386 users get the 2.5.1 version of Python using:

  pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/i386/python-2.5.1p2.tgz
  

2.2. Building Python

If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the source. You can download either the latest release’s source or just grab a fresh clone. (If you want to contribute patches, you will need a clone.)

The build process consists of the usual commands:

./configure
make
make install

Configuration options and caveats for specific Unix platforms are extensively documented in the README.rst file in the root of the Python source tree.

Warning

make install can overwrite or masquerade the python3 binary. make altinstall is therefore recommended instead of make install since it only installs exec_prefix/bin/pythonversion.

2.3. Python-related paths and files

These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions; prefix and exec_prefix are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they may be the same.

For example, on most Linux systems, the default for both is /usr.

File/directory	Meaning
exec_prefix/bin/python3	Recommended location of the interpreter.
prefix/lib/pythonversion, exec_prefix/lib/pythonversion	Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard modules.
prefix/include/pythonversion, exec_prefix/include/pythonversion	Recommended locations of the directories containing the include files needed for developing Python extensions and embedding the interpreter.

2.4. Miscellaneous

To easily use Python scripts on Unix, you need to make them executable, e.g. with

$ chmod +x script

and put an appropriate Shebang line at the top of the script. A good choice is usually

#!/usr/bin/env python3

which searches for the Python interpreter in the whole PATH. However, some Unices may not have the env command, so you may need to hardcode /usr/bin/python3 as the interpreter path.

To use shell commands in your Python scripts, look at the subprocess module.

2.5. Custom OpenSSL

1. To use your vendor’s OpenSSL configuration and system trust store, locate the directory with openssl.cnf file or symlink in /etc. On most distribution the file is either in /etc/ssl or /etc/pki/tls. The directory should also contain a cert.pem file and/or a certs directory.

   $ find /etc/ -name openssl.cnf -printf "%h\n"
   /etc/ssl
   

2. Download, build, and install OpenSSL. Make sure you use install_sw and not install. The install_sw target does not override openssl.cnf.

   $ curl -O https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-VERSION.tar.gz
   $ tar xzf openssl-VERSION
   $ pushd openssl-VERSION
   $ ./config \
       --prefix=/usr/local/custom-openssl \
       --libdir=lib \
       --openssldir=/etc/ssl
   $ make -j1 depend
   $ make -j8
   $ make install_sw
   $ popd
   

3. Build Python with custom OpenSSL (see the configure --with-openssl and --with-openssl-rpath options)

   $ pushd python-3.x.x
   $ ./configure -C \
       --with-openssl=/usr/local/custom-openssl \
       --with-openssl-rpath=auto \
       --prefix=/usr/local/python-3.x.x
   $ make -j8
   $ make altinstall
   

Note

Patch releases of OpenSSL have a backwards compatible ABI. You don’t need to recompile Python to update OpenSSL. It’s sufficient to replace the custom OpenSSL installation with a newer version.